Carreras políticas de los diputados chilenos, 1989-2013: evolución y sus consecuencias para la representación política del país
Resumen
Este trabajo muestra que el espacio de representación política en la Cámara de Diputados Chilena ha disminuido desde la elección fundacional de 1989. Después de analizar las carreras políticas de los diputados electos en el período 1989-2013, los resultados muestran que los legisladores que provienen de familias políticas son cada vez más capaces de permanecer en la política, en particular, desarrollando lo que la literatura define como carreras progresivas. Las implicaciones de este hallazgo nos alertan sobre la sobrerrepresentación de una élite política que legitimó su posicionamiento luego del retorno a la democracia en 1989. Esta sobrerrepresentación quita espacio a nuevas opciones políticas, lo que genera una desconexión entre el electorado y los políticos. Si las posibilidades tanto de los nuevos candidatos como de diferentes alternativas para entrar al Congreso disminuyen con el tiempo, el electorado no estará representado adecuadamente. Así, los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo generan algunas interrogantes sobre el carácter representativo de la Cámara de Diputados chilena.
Palabras clave:
Diputados, Carreras Políticas, Élites, ChileReferencias
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Londregan, John (2000). Legislative Institutions and Ideology in Chile. Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott (2006). “The Crisis of Representation in the Andes.” Journal of Democracy nol.17,nº3,pp.13-27.
Maira, Luis (2001). “El amarre institucional del General Pinochet y las restricciones de la transición chilena”. En Labastida, Julio y Antonio Camou. Globalización, identidad y democracia: México y América Latina. México: Siglo Veintiuno Ediciones.
Mayhew, David (1974). Congress: The Electoral Connection. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
Morgenstern, Scott and Benito Nacif (eds.).(2002). Legislative Politics in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Morgenstern, Scott and Peter Siavelis (2008). Pathways to Power. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America.The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Navia, Patricio (2003). “You Select the Rules of the Game and Lose? Advantages and Constraints When Choosing Electoral Rules: The Case of Chile.” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University.
Navia, Patricio (2008). “Legislative Candidate Selection in Chile”, en Peter Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern. (eds.) Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park, PA, Penn State Press.
Polsby, Nelson (1968). “The Institutionalization of the House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review vol.62,nº1.pp.144–68.
Schlesinger, Joseph A. (1966). Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Siavelis, Peter (1997). “Executive-Legislative relations in post-Pinochet Chile: A preliminary assessment”. En Mainwaring, Scott y Matthew Soberg Shugart (eds.). Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Siavelis, Peter (2002). “Coalitions, Voters and Party System Transformation in Post- Authoritarian Chile,” Government and Opposition, vol. 37,nº1.pp. 76-105.
Siavelis, Peter (2005a). “Chile: The Unexpected (and Expected) Consequences of Electoral Engineering,” in Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell (eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. London: Oxford University Press.
Siavelis, Peter (2005b). “La lógica oculta de la selección de candidatos en las elecciones parlamentarias chilenas”. Estudios Públicos nº 98. pp. 189-225.
Botero, Felipe (2008). “Ambitious Career-Seekers: An Analysis of Career Decisions and Duration in Latin America”. Ph.D. dissertation,The University of Arizona.
Botero, Felipe (2011). “Carreras políticas en América Latina. Discusión teórica y ajuste de supuestos”. PostData vol.16, nº2, pp. 167-187.
Carey, John and Matthew Soberg Shugart (1995). “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: a Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas”. Electoral Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 417-439
Carey, John and Peter Siavelis (2006). “Election Insurance and Coalition Survival”.En Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levitsky, (eds). Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Diamond, Larry and Leonardo Morlino (2005). Assessing the Quality of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Erikson, Robert S. (1971).“The advantage of incumbency in Congressional elections”. Polity, vol.3, nº3,pp. 395-405.
Fiorina, Morris (1978). Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. Yale University Press. Hain, Paul (1974). “Age, Ambitions, and Political Careers: The Middle-Age Crisis.” The Western Political Quarterly, vol. 27, nº2, pp. 265-274.
Harrington, Joseph (1998). “Progressive ambition, electoral selection, and the creation of ideologues.”Work document,The Johns Hopkins University. Available in http://www.econ.jhu.edu/people/Harrington/electournament.pdf
Herrick, Rebekah and Michael K. Moore (1993). “Political Ambition’s Effect on Legislative Behavior: Schlesinger’s Typology Reconsidered and Revisited.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 55, nº 3, pp. 765-776.
Londregan, John (2000). Legislative Institutions and Ideology in Chile. Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott (2006). “The Crisis of Representation in the Andes.” Journal of Democracy nol.17,nº3,pp.13-27.
Maira, Luis (2001). “El amarre institucional del General Pinochet y las restricciones de la transición chilena”. En Labastida, Julio y Antonio Camou. Globalización, identidad y democracia: México y América Latina. México: Siglo Veintiuno Ediciones.
Mayhew, David (1974). Congress: The Electoral Connection. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
Morgenstern, Scott and Benito Nacif (eds.).(2002). Legislative Politics in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Morgenstern, Scott and Peter Siavelis (2008). Pathways to Power. Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America.The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Navia, Patricio (2003). “You Select the Rules of the Game and Lose? Advantages and Constraints When Choosing Electoral Rules: The Case of Chile.” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University.
Navia, Patricio (2008). “Legislative Candidate Selection in Chile”, en Peter Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern. (eds.) Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America. University Park, PA, Penn State Press.
Polsby, Nelson (1968). “The Institutionalization of the House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review vol.62,nº1.pp.144–68.
Schlesinger, Joseph A. (1966). Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Siavelis, Peter (1997). “Executive-Legislative relations in post-Pinochet Chile: A preliminary assessment”. En Mainwaring, Scott y Matthew Soberg Shugart (eds.). Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Siavelis, Peter (2002). “Coalitions, Voters and Party System Transformation in Post- Authoritarian Chile,” Government and Opposition, vol. 37,nº1.pp. 76-105.
Siavelis, Peter (2005a). “Chile: The Unexpected (and Expected) Consequences of Electoral Engineering,” in Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell (eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. London: Oxford University Press.
Siavelis, Peter (2005b). “La lógica oculta de la selección de candidatos en las elecciones parlamentarias chilenas”. Estudios Públicos nº 98. pp. 189-225.
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